Sách chuyên ngành Y khoa: Atlas of Human Infectious Diseases (Tuyển tập những căn bệnh truyền nhiễm ở người)

H.F.L. WERTHEIM - P. HORBY - J.P. WOODALL

ATLAS OF HUMAN INFECTIOUS DISEASES

(TUYỂN TẬP NHỮNG CĂN BỆNH TRUYỀN NHIỄM Ở NGƯỜI)

PUBLISHER: WILEY-BLACKWELL (UNITED KINGDOM, 2012)

THÔNG TIN CHUNG:

Tên sách: Atlas of Human Infectious Diseases (tạm dịch: Tuyển tập những căn bệnh truyền nhiễm ở người).

Tác giả: H.F.L. Wertheim - P. Horby - J.P. Woodall.

NXB: Wiley-Blackwell (2012).

Thông số: 311 trang; 5 phần chính.

Những căn bệnh truyền nhiễm ngày nay vẫn là mối lo ngại thường trực cho mỗi cá nhân và cả ngành Y tế nói riêng. Mỗi đợt bùng phát của bệnh truyền nhiễm thường đi kèm theo sau đó là vô vàn những thiệt hại về sinh mạng và tài sản của xã hội mà phải rất lâu sau mới hàn gắn lại được. Cuốn sách này sẽ là cẩm nang đầy đủ và chi tiết nhất cho các học viên cũng như chuyên gia trong vấn đề bệnh truyền nhiễm, từ phương thức khởi phát và lây truyền cho tới cách phòng ngừa, cách li và điều trị. Sách bản đẹp, mục lục hoàn toàn tự động, dung lượng nhỏ gọn và khả năng tương thích với thiết bị cao.

INTRODUCTION (GIỚI THIỆU):

Maps have magical properties. They convert all kinds of data into colors, shades, shapes, and figures, and display them in a spatial framework. Map-making involves planting data on drawings of contours of land masses or representations of geographic regions. Maps are an ancient and common form of communication. Maps enable us to see where we are and identify many attributes of people, places – really any char-acteristic of the biosphere – by geographic location. Maps can convey large volumes of information, tell stories, and help to answer questions. Here we have an atlas, a collection of maps. As someone with in inordinate fondness for maps, I take great pleasure in this book.

The topic of the spatial distribution of diseases – and how and why this changes – has been one of endless fascination for me. Thus it was a joy for me to be contacted by someone else who also has a passion for this topic – for ‘understanding the special preferences of infectious agents for specific niches and hosts.’ Even better, Heiman Wertheim, who has led this project, has had the energy, creativity, and vision to pull together a book that assembles material that is essential for trying to make sense of the patchwork of infectious diseases globally. It is not an easy task to do even the first part – to create maps showing where diseases exist – or rather, where they have been reported in the past. Most maps showing disease distributions found in textbooks are old, based on incomplete data, and often out-of-date by the time they are printed. Disease distribution is dynamic because of the inher-ent properties of life and its interaction with the abiotic environment, and it is difficult to provide maps that accu-rately capture the current situation

Important as it is, it is not enough just to know where diseases have been if one is trying to understand why diseases exist in some locations or populations and not in others. Under- standing disease distribution requires input from multiple disciplines – and knowledge of microbiology and pathology is only a part of this. For this atlas, the authors have identified many of the critical environmental, ecoclimatic, and economic factors that influence the distribution of dis-eases. Some diseases can be transmitted only in focal areas because of the need for specific ecoclimatic conditions or a specific arthropod vector or an intermediate or reservoir host. But even pathogens with a global distribution are spread unevenly among regions or populations. For these diseases it is useful to know the geographic areas or populations at highest risk for infection. By also studying maps of features called ‘drivers of disease’ – or by superimposing locations of cases on maps that display other characteristics, such as rainfall, for example – one can begin to identify some factors that may limit exposure or may predispose to specific infec-tions. These maps provide important tools for spatial analysis to characterize risks of exposures or of outbreaks. Maps in this volume include ones showing features of the human popula-tion (e.g. size, urbanization, economic status, access to clean water and sanitation, nutrition, genetic factors), ecoclimatic conditions (e.g. climate, elevation, mountain ranges, rainfall, type of land cover or terrain), other life (e.g. arthropod vectors, livestock). Other important drivers or combinations may emerge that are relevant for future analyses. The current maps show key attributes of people and places that influence the likelihood of exposure and vulnerability to infection or to poor outcome.

Even a casual review of the distribution of many of the diseases leads to the conclusion that areas that share two attributes, hot and poor, are disproportionately affected by infectious diseases. Species diversity (including that of organ-isms pathogenic for humans) increases at lower latitudes and decreases at higher latitudes (i.e. at greater distance from the Equator), also known as the species’ latitudinal gradient. Many developing countries are also found in low latitude areas, which are regions of particularly high risk for infectious diseases, and poverty increases contact between pathogens and people through multiple mechanisms. Much of the global population growth today, and projected for the future, is in developing countries in low latitude areas.

Even if we have maps that perfectly depict the global situation today, things change. The pace of change in new infectious disease events has increased in recent decades. We are finding known diseases in new geographic areas (e.g. chikungunya virus infections); the spread of pathogens that are more antibiotic resistant (e.g. MDR-and XDR-TB), viru-lent, or transmissible; and the identification of new pathogens (e.g. SARS coronavirus). We humans are changing the epide-miology of infectious diseases at a brisk rate. Humans trans-port other life – macroscopic and microscopic –– and change the Earth in ways that create fertile soil for the sustenance of microbes and their transmission. We have also created con-duits for expanded and novel transmission events – trans-mission of cryptosporidium to large populations through municipal water supplies; transmission of prions, viruses, such as West Nile virus, protozoa such as Trypanosoma cruzi (the cause of Chagas disease), and other microbes through organ and tissue transplantation. Old diseases change –especially in becoming resistant to antimicrobials – in large part because of our inappropriate application of drugs for treatment. There are many reasons to believe that these changes in infectious disease events will continue and per-haps increase, driven by global travel and trade, high popu-lation size and density (humans and farmed animals), extensive contact between animals and humans, including markets in bushmeat, farms raising wild animals in large numbers for food and other products, the massive global market in exotic pets, and expansion of human populations into new geographic areas.

This magnificent book helps to show where diseases are and helps us to start to understand factors associated with that location. The authors reviewed an extraordinary amount of material to create these maps, many for diseases for which no maps or only crude ones existed. Many of the maps are unique and draw on data not previously used to develop maps.

This book provides a wonderful structure, the scaffold on which to add more data – or from which to jettison outdated material. The maps reflect the best available information, but the available databases are incomplete. The book provides a framework and an impetus for researchers and public health workers to add data to fill in the gray areas. The current collection is an excellent beginning. Even in geographic areas where good data is available, distributions may expand and contract, therefore maps will require continual updating. The maps also provide a useful research tool that will allow investigators to test a variety of hypotheses with respect to factors that drive disease location. This may allow projections about where a disease might appear, because of the constel-lation of attributes of the people, place, and other species present, even if cases have not been documented in that area. The sheer volume of data required is daunting because it is relevant to have knowledge of vectors, reservoir hosts for many diseases as well as data about the physicochemical and ecoclimatic environment. Maps of other drivers can be added, as they are found to be relevant for specific pathogens.

This first edition is an auspicious start to a project that will never be finished. The maps can be improved and will change over time, but will never be final.

TABLE OF CONTENTS (MỤC LỤC):

Editors

Contributors and Reviewers

Foreword

Preface

User’s Guide

Abbreviations

The World

Section 1: Infectious Disease Drivers

1 Emerging Infectious Diseases

2 Population, 5 3 Urbanization,

4 Global Connectivity

5 Human Development

6 Global Peace Index

7 Life Expectancy and Child Mortality

8 Water and Sanitation

9 Undernutrition

10 Climate

11 Forest Cover Change

12 Natural Disasters

13 Antibiotic Use

14 Inherited Blood Disorders and Duffy Antigen

15 Immunization Coverage – DTP₃

16 Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus

17 Malaria Vectors

18 Livestock Density

19 Bird Migration

Section 2: Bacterial Infections

20 Anthrax

21 Bartonellosis, Bartonella bacilliformis

22 Bartonellosis, Bartonella quintana

23 Botulism

24 Brucellosis

25 Buruli Ulcer

26 Cholera

27 Diphtheria

28 Donovanosis

29 Ehrlichioses

30 Endemic Treponematosis

31 Haemophilus influenzae Type b

32 Leprosy

33 Leptospirosis

34 Listeriosis

35 Lyme Disease

36 Melioidosis

37 Meningococcal Meningitis

38 Noma

39 Pertussis

40 Plague

41 Pneumococcal Disease

42 Q Fever

43 Rat Bite Fever

44 Relapsing Fever

45 Rickettsioses, Tick-borne, New World

46 Rickettsioses, Tick-borne, Old World

47 Scrub Typhus

48 Streptococcus suis

49 Tetanus

50 Trachoma

51 Tuberculosis

52 Tularemia

53 Typhoid Fever

Section 3: Fungal Infections

54 Blastomycosis

55 Coccidioidomycosis

56 Histoplasmosis

57 Mycetoma

58 Paracoccidioidomycosis

59 Penicilliosis

Section 4: Parasitic Infections

60 Amebiasis, Entamoeba histolytica

61 Anisakidosis

62 Babesiosis

63 Capillariasis, Intestinal

64 Clonorchiasis

65 Cysticercosis

66 Diphyllobothriasis

67 Dracunculiasis

68 Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis

69 Eosinophilic Meningitis, Angiostrongylus cantonensis

70 Fascioliasis

71 Fasciolopsiasis

72 Filariasis

73 Hookworm

74 Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous and Mucosal, New World

75 Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous and Mucosal, Old World

76 Leishmaniasis, Visceral

77 Loiasis

78 Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum

79 Malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi

80 Malaria, Plasmodium ovale

81 Malaria, Plasmodium vivax

82 Onchocerciasis

83 Opisthorchiasis

84 Paragonimiasis

85 Schistosomiasis, Africa & Americas

86 Schistosomiasis, Asia

87 Strongyloidiasis

88 Trypanosomiasis, African

89 Trypanosomiasis, American

Section 5: Viral Infections

90 Avian influenza (A/H₅N1)

91 Barmah Forest & Ross River Virus Disease

92 Bunyamwera Viral Fever

93 Bunyavirus Group C Disease

94 California Group Virus Disease

95 Chikungunya Fever

96 Colorado Tick Fever

97 Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever

98 Dengue

99 Eastern Equine Encephalitis

100 Ebola and Marburg Virus Disease

101 Hantaviral Disease, New World

102 Hantaviral Disease, Old World

103 Hendra and Nipah Virus

104 Hepatitis A

105 Hepatitis B

106 Hepatitis C

107 Hepatitis E

108 Human Immunodeficiency Virus

109 Human TƯLymphotropic Virus 1

110 Japanese Encephalitis

111 Lassa Fever

112 Mayaro Fever

113 Measles

114 Monkeypox

115 Mumps

116 O’nyong-nyong Virus Disease

117 Oropouche Virus Disease

118 Poliomyelitis

119 Rabies

120 Rift Valley Fever

121 Rotaviral Enteritis

122 Rubella

123 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

124 Sindbis Fever

125 Tacaribe Complex Virus Disease

126 Tick-borne Encephalitis

127 Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease

128 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis

129 Western Equine Encephalitis

130 West Nile Fever

131 Yellow Fever

132 Zika Fever

Index

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